SAP PSYCHHH

HSP3U Unit 3 Review for Psychology Ways Psychology can improve your life - Article Motivation: rewards, small goals Leadership: guidance, confidence, clarity Communication: nonverbal signals, eye contact, tone Memory: study for test, focus, eliminate distraction, eliminate distractions Memory Palace Terms Can you remember the following terms? Describe each term thoroughly. Term Description Psychology The scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes Psychologist People who hold a master’s/doctoral degree in psychology that use social science inquiry model to examine our actions (behaviours in certain situations) and our mental processes (how we think, feel, remember and learn) to understand what guides our thinking and behaviours They observe, analyze and evaluate behaviour. They’re trained to assess and diagnose problems in thinking, feelings and behaviour, as well as to help people overcome or manage these. Psychiatrist Medical doctors who go on to specialize in the study of mental health and mental illness. They prescribe medication for their clients to help them manage their mental illness. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic A process designed to uncover patient’s unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to discuss their background, feelings, and experiences with a trained psychologist ID Known as the unconscious - devil Follows the pleasure principal primitive , innate urges Just does what it wants and it wants things immediately It doesn't think about the consequences Present at birth Ex: bodily needs, sexuality and aggression like “i am so mad i could hit you” Ego Known as the conscious Follow the reality principle Mediates between Id’s impulses and Superego’s inhibitions Consider the consequences of actions and directs behaviour to maximize pleasure and minimize pain Forms around 2 Ex: thoughts and perceptions Superego Known as the preconscious - angel Seeks to control id’s impulses from a perspective of morality Acts as our own conscience and helps us judge right from wrong Shows up around age 5 Ex: morals and conscience Defence Mechanism The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety Repression Process which unacceptable desires or impulses are executed from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious (bury deep and not face emotion) Denial A defence mechanism whereby a person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful, displacing onto a safe target. (refuse to look at the truth) Displacement The shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person or situation Regression When you go back to earlier stages in your life. Ex: fetal position is regression, reminsim, and stuffed animals. Projection A defence mechanism whereby a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else. Freudian Slips An unintentional error revealing the unconscious mind’s feelings Iceberg Model Represents how our conscious mind is above the water (ego) The unconscious mind is below the surface (id) The id is completely unconscious, and the ego and superego straddle both sides of the iceberg, operating consciously and unconsciously. Free Association A method used in psychoanalysis where the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind. Collective Unconscious Carl Jung’s concept. Part of unconscious mind from ancestral experience common in all humankind Google definition: a deeper layer of the mind, shared by all humanity, containing inherited, universal patterns, instincts, and primordial images (archetypes) from ancestral experiences, distinct from individual (personal) memories, influencing our universal human experiences like birth, death, and love through common myths and symbols Archetypes The universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes models of people, behaviors, and personalities. Classical Conditioning It is a type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus. It is when u make associations Unconditioned stimulus (US): naturally or automatically triggers a response Unconditioned response (UR): unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus (NS): initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention (like ringing bell) Conditioned stimulus (CS): previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a response Conditioned response (CR): learned response to the previously neutral stimulus Look and learn from examples on ws Operant Conditioning And Pos/Neg – Reinforcement/Punishment It is a type of learning that uses rewards and punishments to achieve a desired behaviour Positive reinforcement: is when you add something for reinforcement (rewards) Negative reinforcement: when you take away for a cause for the good Positive punishment: when you add punishment by adding something Negative punishment: when you punish someone by taking away something. Skinner Box: is an operant conditioning chamber with a rat in a box. The rat would learn that it would receive food by pushing a leaver. If the rat did not get any food for pushing leever, extinction would occur. Which in this case is the diminishing of a conditioned response due to lack of environment. Extinction Extinction: in an operant conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement Logotherapy A form of psychotherapy that tries to help the patient find the aim and meaning of their own life as a human being without accessing the medical aspect of mental health The Human Genome Project When world came together to combine knowledge, and map gene DNA has been mapped (all parts) Nature vs. Focused on heredity and trails that are passed down genetically Ex : medical conditions, addiction, mannerism, appearance, blood type, skin, IQ/EQ, height Nurture Nurture is the environment you are raised in Ex: manners, respect, beliefs, morals, religion, where you live, SES, trauma The Goals of Psychology You should know the four goals of psychology. Identify those goals below: Describe behaviour (what): Through describing behaviour, we're better able to understand it and gain a better perspective on what is considered normal and abnormal. Methods: observation, case studies, surveys and experiments Explain behaviour (why): Psychologists are interested in understanding why people do the things they do, what factors contribute to personality, social behaviour, and mental health problems? There have been many differ theories emerged to help explain various aspects of human behaviour Predict behaviour (when): Once we understand more about what happens and why it happens, we can use that information to make predictions about when, why, and how it might happen again in the future. Control behaviour (how): Psychology strives to change, influence, or control behaviour in order to make positive and lasting changes in people’s lives. From treating mental illness to enhancing human well-being. Changing human behaviour is a huge focus of psychology. Dreaming You should know the theories that attempt to explain why we dream. List those theories below: We dream to fulfill our wishes We dream to remember We dream to process memories We dream to forget We dream for our brains to prune waste materials We dream to keep our brains woking We dream to heal We dream to solve problems We dream to rehearse Continual activation theory: brain is like a computer, like a screen saver so brain does not completely shut down Common Dreams Falling Being chased Being back in school Death Tests Naked Sexual Loose teeth Freud and Dreams Believed dreams are the road to the unconscious, to our id Wrote a book “interpretation of dreams” which believed dreams had a meaning Died in 1939, which was start of world war 2) Died of cancer from oral cancer due to excessive smoking cigars Manifest vs. Latent Meaning Manifest content: is the actual content, or storyline of a dream Latent Content: is the hidden meaning of a dream Sleep Importance of Sleep and Sleep Stages/REM Importance of sleep:? Sleep stages: Important for physical health LIGHT SLEEP Stage 1 4-5% of your nights sleep Easily woken up Can hear whats going on Stage 2 45-55% Body functions slow (breathing, pulse, blood pressure) Muscles relax Eyes stop moving DEEP SLEEP Stage 3 4-6% Brain waves larger and slower Sleepwalking or talking may occur Stage 4 12-15% Body temperature drops Sleepwalking of talking may occur REM STAGE Important for mental health Rapid eye movement 20-25% Dreams are most vivid Heartbeat increases Breathing becomes shallow Eyes moves rapidly Muscles are relaxed Brain waves resemble those during walking STUDY BIG NEWSPAPER REM Dreams are strongly associated with REM sleep RAPID EYE MOVEMENT This is when REM dreams are very vivid REM sleep is a state of sleep that is most like wakefulness Adults 20-25% sleep are REM sleep Babies sleep is about 50% are REM sleep Adults do not start sleep at REM but babies do Adults go through 4-5 sleep cycles a night (60-90 mins per cycle) REM gets longer the more you go through the night Personality Psychometrics: Study that uses tests to measure personality Define Personality: Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Involve intellect and socio-emotional qualities. Carl Jung believed that we are all either introverted or extroverted. Identify the characteristics of these personality types in the chart below. Introverts Extroverts Prefer to be on their own or with few people Self-contain Think before speak More time by themselves Focus inward Few close friends Don’t accept change easily Open to people t...